golang initialize nil pointer

Submitted by Nidhi, on March 12, 2021 . golang get string length. I mean classic element removal from single linked list. Golang map is a built-in data type that has keys that are unique within the map while the values may or may not be the same. check string contains golang. Unmarshal (b, & post) if err != nil {fmt. golang variable in string. In more context of the Gmail API implementation for Go, you need to take all the functions used at. A nil map is what you get when you declare a map variable, but don't initialize it: var nilMap map[string]bool. The OS will create a call to epoll_create at startup to create an epoll management object. * is also used to "dereference" pointer variables. A pointer variable can store even a pointers address since a pointer is also a variable just like others. A common usage for pointers is to set a variable either to it's zero value or to set it to nil. In the above code c is a pointer to a pointer. Namespace/Package Name: C. Let us see an example of declaring an integer array with a size of 5. var arr [5] int. This is just as expected, we haven't inserted any value in the hash table so all pointers are pointing to null/nil. Search for: Recent Posts. & does not make sense inside type literals. Don't be confused by the difference between a nil map and an empty map. Assigning a null value to it is fine. So, we can point to a pointer and create levels of indirection. These attributes can be accessed with index 0,1,2. All variables in Go have a zero value. . It supports all Go data types except for . After the value is stored, you can retrieve it by using its key. How to . golang string is digit. a data initialization in the c pointer variable is done by . I have places where I use them; for instance, I have a memory pooling implementation where the nil pointer simply fills requests via "make" directly and does no pooling, so you can swap it out easily to test if it is causing some other bug. Works. The Sort function sorts the data interface in both ascending and descending order. April 15, 2022. package main import "fmt" func main() { var ptr1 *int var ptr2 *int var a int = 123 ptr2 = &a if ptr1 == nil { fmt.Println("ptr1 is a nil pointer") } else { fmt.Println("ptr1 is not a nil pointer") } if ptr2 == nil { fmt.Println("ptr2 is a nil pointer") } else { fmt.Println("ptr2 is not . Nil Pointers in Golang When we declare a pointer variable but do not initialize it, the value of the pointer is always nil. e.g., *SampleStruct, *int. Usage. Pointer types. None in Python. Println (post)}} // Output // {1 Golang Tutorial Suraj Sharma Learn Golang by examples} Related Solutions. Given a key and a value, you can store the value in a Map object. Recursively initializes fields in a struct. Types can be either nillable or non-nillable in go. Pointers examples in Golang. The following is the syntax to create a new map. What pointers are? We are initializing newNode := Node{n,data,nil}. Golang Memory Address. In below, we have given a small format of how we can initialize the array in go language. We can declare an array with a fixed size n of type T. var array-variable [n]T. Once an array is declared with size n, Size will not be grown as this is fixed. golang string includes. Writing unit test has always been confusing especially when we have multiple libraries and framework integrated in our app. Do not worry about freeing the memory as golang's garbage collector will take care of it. Go is a compiled, concurrent, statically-typed general purpose programming language with simple syntax and a robust standard libraries. 1. type Food struct {} // Food is the name. If you declare a pointer and not assign a value, the pointer holds a nil value. golang len return type. Golang Initialize Pointer. In this blog post we will talk about Go packages, You can read about Part-5: control-flow-statements here. make can only be used to allocate and initialize data of slice, map . This is where the omitempty tag helps us. Example: // Golang program to demonstrate the // default value of a pointer variable package main import "fmt" func main () { var num *int fmt.Println ( "The default value of a pointer variable:", num) } Any reference type can be nil, which is the same as saying that it doesn't point to any value in memory. Same as ptrStyle := & []string {}. According to Golang docs, the basic difference is: The built-in function allocates and initializes an object of type slice, map, or chan (only). For example if you need optional parameters: Preserves non-initial values from being reset with a default value. Go improves upon concepts like imperative and object-oriented programming and thereby . package main import "fmt" func main() { var a *int64 = nil var b *int64 = nil fmt.Println(a==b) } it will print true. incident in winsford today . ; elemsize indicates the occupancy size of the element type and is used to calculate the memory size occupied by the element of the current type. Array declaration contains var keyword, variable name and datatype. The pointer variable c holds the address of b, which actually stores the address of variable "a" with the value assigned as 9. Dereferencing a pointer gives us access to the value the pointer points to. Use Parameters with PDO in PHP. They come in very handy. You're just doing it wrong. Now we will see the anonymous structs. So for the vast majority of cases you should use call by value, only in a few cases a pointer makes sense. The zero-value of the pointer is nil. Golang map. how to initialize a slice in go. The underlying data structure of channel is hchan, which itself consists of buf forming a circular linked list, which is a circular queue.. qCount indicates the length of the data in the channel. Trying to read from a nil . You can call methods on them no problem. That is, new (T) allocates zeroed storage for a new item of type T and returns its address, a value of type *T. In Go terminology, it returns a pointer to a newly allocated zero value of type T. Since the memory returned by new is zeroed . Golang Nil Pointer. Maps in golang are similar to "dictionaries" and "hashmaps" in other languages. Next we have to think about inserting . How check if a string contains a substring in Golang. This would be an example where a nil implementing fooer is never caught: An empty slice, declared as s2 := []string {} or s3 := make ( []string, 0) points to an empty, non-nil array. Why cannot a string be nil nil is the zero value for pointers, interfaces, channels, slices, maps and function types, and it represents an uninitialized state. The compiler knows the type now, and it is a pointer. If you are running a recent Linux version, you need to run the following command before using nosigsegv. The golang evp_decryptinit_ex example is extracted from the most popular open source projects, you can refer to the following example for usage. Map, function and channel are special pointers in Golang and have their own implementation. Make () allows the slice to be initialized with a . To fix this, we can make it private: /* Yep, now it's private because of the lower-cased 'm' */ type myStruct struct { num int } func NewMyStruct() *myStruct { return &myStruct {num . (*T) (nil) just means nil of type *T. You can't just write var _ I = nil because the whole purpose of this is to ask the compiler if *T implements I and plain nil would mean nil of type I. A nil map behaves like an empty map when reading, but attempts to write to a nil map will cause a runtime panic; don't do that. If you need to explicitly say, that a variable is not set, use a nil pointer. These are the top rated real world Golang examples of C.dlsym extracted from open source projects. { eptr = e.e } if 1 != C.EVP_DecryptInit_ex(ctx.ctx, c.ptr, eptr, nil, nil) { return nil, errors.New("failed to initialize cipher context") } err = ctx.applyKeyAndIV(key, iv) if err != nil { return . Pointers. The receiver is passed by value, including the pointer receiver: it is a copy, and changing its value doesn't change the initial pointer receiver on which the method is called.. See "Why are receivers pass by value in Go?A function Setup returning a new *Foo would work better: play.golang.org. Can maps be nil? sudo sysctl -w vm.mmap_min_addr=0. non-nillable and nillable types. Not particularly hard at the compiler side as well. A pointer stores the memory address of a value (variable). makeStyle := make ( []string, 0) is the same as the literal style, but is preferred for idiomatic reasons when the slice doesn't need non-zero starting values. Hence, the default value of a pointer is always nil . The efficiency of this approach is O(n-1). PHP. The * and & operators. If you declare a pointer to a type, but assign no value, . A map can be created by passing the type of key and value to the make function. The reason we can call MyStruct {} is because the type is exported from the package - meaning it's publically available for third parties (other packages) to use. June 7, 2022. Search. Next Article Check Pointer is Nil or Not Nil in Golang. It is popular for its minimal syntax and innovative handling of . (or GoLang) is a modern programming language originally developed by Google that uses high-level syntax similar to scripting languages. We have written the name of the array and defined the length as the 5 and we set the data type for the array as the int and array attributes we have defined as the 23,12 and 44. The overall soft and hard interaction process of epoll. Follow along as we . For example, // Program to illustrate the nil pointers package main import "fmt" func main() { // declare a pointer variable var ptr *int fmt.Println("Value of pointer:", ptr) } . Pointers Initialization in Go. The specification of the result depends on the type. Golang also known as Go is an open-source, compiled and statically typed programming language developed by Google. undefined in Javascript. Nil Pointers. * and & operators. ; The elements of an array or struct will have its fields zeroed if no value is specified. . Introduction:We will learn about creating pointers, dereferencing pointers, new function, working with nil and types with internal pointers. The zero value of type int is 0. A nil slice can only not be indexed and all other operations can be done. This initialization is done recursively: . As you know, every variable is a memory location having its address defined and that can be accessed using ampersand (&) operator. This is true even for a pointer. // panic: runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference nil channels blocks forever. the b 's value is updated with the a 's address. Programming Language: Golang. I am using vs code. Pointer as an argument to a function. The slice created by. Pointers in Golang is also termed as the special variables. var dummy *T = nil var _ I = dummy // Verify that *T implements I. This problem isn't unique to golang, but a number of languages are designed from the ground up to avoid it - FP languages for example, as well as rust. The Address of Symbol is mainly used to know the memory location of a variable and allow pointers to point at that address. Answers related to "golang append to nil slice" append to file in golang; golang iterate reverse slice; go slice initialization; append golang example; golang prepend; add numbers in go; creating an array in Go; append two arrays golang; Golang Insert At Index (any slice) go append array to array; golang backward loop; how to initialize a . But, it does not initialize the memory, it only zeros it. Arrays in golang. Unlike new, make's return type is the same as the type of its argument, not a pointer to it. Create pointer.go file and paste the below code: package main import "fmt" func main () { var score *int fmt.Println . Gob packet is used to manage gob stream. Anyone who sincerely wants to be protected against nil pointers should, for consistency also ask for being protected against integer zero values. See slice data structure: When there is an element in it, it will be like: So no need to care about size of slice. Hence size will be of type *int and will point to 0 i.e *size will be 0. Yes, they can. They use discriminated unions to mark which objects can be nil, and which can't. See the table to compare the properties of the nil and empty . A nil slice declared as var s1 []string has no underlying data array - it points to nothing. array[0:0] has length zero (and maybe even capacity zero) but its pointer type Temp struct {. } See also in detail what is the difference between length and capacity of slices. Here, we are going to demonstrate the float pointer in Golang (Go Language). IntSlice attaches the methods of Interface to []int, sorting in increasing order. 2. Golang binary search implementation; Golang queue data structure implementation; Golang stack implementation; Golang singly linked list; Export multi-line environment variable, replace a variable in file with the former using Go; Implementation of AES encryption in Go; Echo framework + GORM = Blazing fast Golang server-side application . To initialize a map, use the built in make function: m = make(map[string]int) Go was designed to follow the good software engineering practices. It is designed to encode Go data types specifically and does not at present have support for or by any other programming language. . Only use if you want a pointer. 1) An operator that lets you dereference a pointer, like: bar = *foo. package main. Value of pointer: < nil > Here, the pointer ptr is not initialized, so it does not point to any address. In Go a pointer is represented using the * (asterisk) character followed by the type of the stored value. Like new, the first argument is a type, not a value. Now, to initialize a slice, you use a slice . How to create Empty and Nil Slice? Fetch Results Array with PDO in PHP. Simple: In this method, the map can be created directly by the following. Pointer to pointer in GoLang. Map types are reference types, like pointers or slices, and so the value of m above is nil; it doesn't point to an initialized map. Nil pointers are perfectly legal values. 29 Apr - 2019. The above program will print. sliceHeader{} The key detail is that the element pointer is nil too. Dynamically sets default values by defaults.Setter interface. Golang dlsym - 23 examples found. Golang dlsym Examples. This function will return a pointer to a newly allocated zero value of the type int. You can rate examples to help us improve the quality of examples. However, a string doesn't require initialization, and it seems natural that the default, zero value for a new string variable would be an empty string, "". Output: t is a nil interface: true t is a nil interface: false. The zero value of a pointer is nil. Anonymous struct. func SetUp() *Foo { return &Foo{"Hello World"} } func main() { var f *Foo f = SetUp() } Syntax: package main import ( "fmt" ) func main() { var data *string = nil if data == nil { fmt.Println(data) } } *string is the type of the pointer variable which points to a value of type string. Let's add the omitempty tag to our Dog struct: type Dog struct { Breed string // The first comma below is to separate the name tag from the omitempty tag WeightKg int `json:",omitempty"` } Now, if WeightKg is set to it's default value (which is 0 for the int type), the key itself will be omitted . Use append and it will be extended automatically. 2) A token that, inside a type literal, indicates a pointer type, like: type intpt *int. A named struct is any struct whose name has been declared before. Syntax: // An Empty map map [Key_Type]Value_Type {} // Map with key . It is popular because it provides fast lookups and values that can retrieve, update or delete with the help of keys. Check: $ go run pointers_example.go. <nil> The C var type: *string, default value: 0xc0000101e0, string value: This is a string The D adress: 0xc0000101e0 The C address: 0xc00000e028 The C value: 0xc0000101e0 . import (. The abstraction to fully prevent NPDs is well known and it zero-cost both for memory and computations. The pointers of a type are initialized using the address-of(&) . If you are Golang beginner, we will strongly encourage you to follow the series to get complete understanding about Go programming language. In the above program, in line no. There are two solutions, one is to compare the value with typed nil value and the second one is using reflection package. In golang, the story is somewhat different. Get Value Pointed by Pointers in Golang . Initializing structures that contain any type of pointer fields, including recursive struct fields; Preventing panics by ensuring that all fields of a struct are initialized; Initializing golang protobuf struct (the golang protobuf makes heavy use of pointers to embedded structs that contain pointers to embedded structs, ad infinitum) make returns the reference type itself; new returns a pointer to the type. I'm concerned that this would just push the misunderstanding around while breaking everyone else's muscle memorybut another alternative: Accept #19642 for making _ a universal zero value and then (initially via a vet check) disallow checking an interface (and possibly other things) against untyped nil.. All the err == nil would change but they'd shorten to err == _. Lets do some demo: Open your folder In your code editor. The default value of a pointer in the Go programming language is nil. For Maps. e.g., type Enum string. The application will bind and listen to layer 7 data via http/rpc etc. A key is an object that you use to retrieve the value at a later date. package main import ( "fmt" ) func main . Right way: func (l *LinkedList) Delete(n *Node) { // if we want to delete the head element - just move the head pointer if l.head == n { l.head = n.next return } // otherwise find previous element to the one we are deleting current := l.head for current != nil && current.next != n { current = current.next . Now nil pointers are not going to crash your program anymore. In the zero function xPtr is a pointer to an int. ; dataqsiz indicates the size of the ring queue. In Golang pointer to pointer can be created which of the below-given format, a := 9. b = &a. c= &b. b and c are pointer variables,b holds the address of a. If you create another variable, initialize it to nil and then try to compare the two. Here first field value is previous pointer. An example is as shown: . June 7, 2022. Naturally, it is the zero value of the slice header: sliceHeader{ Length: 0, Capacity: 0, ZerothElement: nil, } or just. We have our hashmap object consisting of an array of 50 pointers each pointing to <nil> which is something equivalent to: NULL in C. null in Java. Example: a := 17 var b int = 18 fmt.Println(&a) fmt.Println(&b) Output: We can initialize a pointer by allocating the memory address of a variable using the address operator, shown above. Println ("Unable to convert the JSON string to a struct")} else {// print the post fmt. 8 we use the new function to create a pointer of type int. . In this post I will try to describe how nil and zero-values are used in golang. The memory address is always found in hexadecimal format (starting with 0x . . April 15, 2022 April 15, 2022. . Problem Solution: In this program, we will create a float variable and a float pointer that points to the variable, and then we will access and modify the value of the variable using the pointer. package main import ( "fmt" ) func main() { var a int = 42 var b *int = &a fmt. make allocates and initializes memory.New just clears memory and does not initialize it. It can send binary data stream between encoder (transmitter) and decoder (receiver). at startup. make (map [type of key]type of value) employeeSalary := make(map[string]int) The above line of code creates a map named employeeSalary which has string keys and int values. A variable's memory address can be known using the " address of " Symbol ( & ). Go answers related to "how to initialize string with size golang". Summary: make and new are built-in functions golang uses to allocate memory and allocate memory on the heap. Then sets next pointer to last node to nil. Below is an example to search particular string or integer . By far the most common cause for panics (for me at least) is nil pointer dereferences - the billion dollar mistake. When we write *xPtr = 0 we are . Create Pointers using Golang new() We can also create pointers in. Variables declared without an initial value are set to their zero values: 0 for all integer types,; 0.0 for floating point numbers,; false for booleans, "" for strings, nil for interfaces, slices, channels, maps, pointers and functions. golang replace string. StringSlice attaches the methods of Interface to []string, sorting in increasing order. "fmt". ) Example 3: In this example, the interface holding a nil pointer is checked whether it is a nil interface or not. newStyle := new ( []string) returns a pointer to the slice. credentials.json are used to update your AccessToken. Check Pointer is Nil or Not Nil in Golang. and put them in your go file. These will generate both an AccessToken and the Credentials which, if you follow the guide correctly, you will need to save as a json file and reuse. GoLang pointers makes it easy for us to mock objects! Syntax: &. We will see how we create and use them. Another way to write it that is not quite equivalent but is easier to read is var _ I . PHP. Every new node should point to previous node. The interaction logic between the kernel and external devices and applications is roughly as follows. The variables are used to store some data at a particular memory address in the system. Pointers in Go programming language or Golang is a variable that is used to store the memory address of another variable. & is just one thing, an operator that lets you take the address of something, like: pt := &foo. So, it can be initialized using its name. For example: package main import "fmt" func main { var ptr * int It's a built-in function that allocates memory. Declare, Initialize, Access Map in Golang. Here: the a variable is created with value 1. the b variable is created which will hold a pointer to the memory returned by the new () function and which keeps 0 for now, as already allocated memory can't hold nil. Zero Value vs. No Value. Pointers are used to make complex tasks easier, such as call by reference, and cannot be performed without using pointers. How to convert a Struct to a JSON in Golang. Take a look at the example: import "reflect" import "unsafe" func do(v interface{}) { if v == nil { // this may not always work // if the value is (type=*int,value=nil) // the condition will not trigger // because hardcoded . 3. In short, a pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable. Gob is a serialisation technique specific to Go. Learning with some examples:This is a way we create pointers in go. Checking "x == nil" is the correct way to check whether a value contains a valid implementation of an interface - and a nil-pointer with the correct method set is, as far as you should be concerned, such a valid implementation. Make function reflection package also termed as the special variables import ( & quot and... In below, we can also create pointers using Golang new ( we... Value in a few cases a pointer and not assign a value, first... A call to epoll_create at startup to create a new map pointer type, like: bar = foo. Interaction logic between the kernel and external devices and applications is roughly as follows is to... Golang is also used to store some data at a particular memory address a., one is using reflection package not assign a value, you use a slice map! Followed by the difference between a nil pointer dereferences - the billion dollar mistake framework integrated in our.... In a map can be initialized using its name golang initialize nil pointer nillable or non-nillable in Go its pointer Temp! A map can be initialized using its name Learn about creating pointers, dereferencing,. Control-Flow-Statements here map object particular string or integer crash your program anymore used at easy for to! Result depends on the heap don & # x27 ; s garbage collector will care. Have their own implementation encoder ( transmitter ) and decoder ( receiver ) rated real world Golang examples of extracted! Protected against nil pointers in Golang and have their own implementation whose name been., data, nil } in other languages introduction: we will talk about Go packages, you to... Use to retrieve the value in a map object location of a variable just like.! Both ascending and descending order with some examples: this is a pointer type! And decoder ( receiver ) ring queue the Gmail API implementation for Go you... ) a token that, inside a type are initialized using the (! Represented using the * ( asterisk ) character followed by the difference between length and capacity slices! It zero-cost both for memory and computations memory on the heap value to the following for. You dereference a pointer side as well of interface to [ ] string has no underlying data array it! A robust standard libraries the array in Go object-oriented programming and thereby string... Parameters: Preserves non-initial values from being reset golang initialize nil pointer a type, but assign value! Used in Golang and have their own implementation return a pointer, like: type intpt * int forever... It, the default value of the type of key and value to the slice fast lookups values. Using nosigsegv improves upon concepts like imperative and object-oriented programming and thereby amp ;.. Of this approach is O ( n-1 ) concepts like imperative and object-oriented programming and thereby with the a #! Some examples: this is a variable is not quite equivalent but is easier to read var... In below, we have multiple libraries and framework integrated in our app * is termed. Will create a new map improves upon concepts like imperative and object-oriented programming and thereby following example usage... How to initialize string with size Golang & quot ; it wrong i.e * size be. Pointer variable but do not worry about freeing the memory, it can be created by passing the.... Rated real world Golang examples of C.dlsym extracted from open source projects interface or not nil in.! Pointer is always nil with internal pointers sense inside type literals context of the stored.... Does not initialize the memory as Golang & quot ; pointer variables with a version you. Found in hexadecimal format ( starting with 0x with a and types with internal pointers } map! Example if you are running a recent Linux version, you can to... Data types specifically and does not at present have support for or by any other programming.. A call to epoll_create at startup to create an epoll management object make inside! Summary: make and new are built-in functions Golang uses to allocate and initialize data of slice, can! Now, and it is designed to encode Go data types specifically and does not initialize.... For its minimal syntax and a value, the first argument is a modern programming language is nil not! And value to the slice other languages can point to a pointer,... Assign a value and initialize data of slice, you use a nil value type Food struct { //. 2 ) a token that, inside a type are initialized using the address-of ( & amp ; does initialize! Function will return a pointer, like: type intpt * int and will point to a type,:! Knows the type now, to initialize string with size Golang & # x27 ; s is. If you need to explicitly say, that a variable and allow pointers point... Zero values, sorting in increasing order array - it points to by,... Part-5: control-flow-statements here other operations can be created by passing the type of key and a robust libraries... Using reflection package 1 Golang Tutorial Suraj Sharma Learn Golang by examples } Related Solutions nil _! Your code editor zeroed if no value, the default value of a type, but assign no,! Value ( variable ) as ptrStyle: = Node { n, data, nil } we. S address refer to the value at a particular memory address of another variable how initialize. Without using pointers _ I of epoll syntax and a robust standard libraries declaration contains var keyword variable! The efficiency of this approach is O ( n-1 ) following example for usage following is difference! [ ] string { } // map with key, on March 12, 2021 pointer of type int all... Interface: true t is a nil interface or not some data at particular... For me at least ) is nil pointer dereferences - the billion dollar mistake is! Always nil values from being reset with a default value of a type literal indicates! Statically-Typed general purpose programming language or Golang is a way we create pointers..: open your folder in your code editor s1 [ ] string has no underlying data -... There are two Solutions, one is using reflection package declare a pointer to the following before... Improves upon concepts like imperative and object-oriented programming and thereby then try to compare the value is,. Talk about Go packages, you can retrieve it by using its name with typed nil value * xPtr 0! Using pointers, on March 12, 2021 create another variable classic element removal from single linked list dereference! Stream between encoder ( transmitter ) and decoder ( receiver ) hexadecimal format ( starting with 0x directly the..., data, nil } have multiple libraries and framework integrated in our app from single linked.... Assign no value, only in a few cases a pointer the element pointer is a type,:! To create a pointer variable but do not initialize the array in Go programming language with simple syntax a! The vast majority of cases you should use call by reference, and can not be indexed and other. To convert a struct to a pointer makes sense in below, we talk... On the heap and initialize data of slice, you can store even a pointers address since a pointer the... Blocks forever an int: in this blog post we will strongly encourage you to follow series! Of how we can initialize the memory address of another variable b, & amp ; ]! Initialize data of slice, you can refer to the slice to be initialized with default... Removal from single linked list ( & amp ; [ ] string has no underlying data array - points... And allocate memory on the heap an example to search particular string or.. Example to search particular string or integer be performed without using pointers and channel are special in!, but assign no value, the interface holding a nil interface: false the first argument is a pointer! Syntax similar to scripting languages be used to & quot ; how to convert a struct to a allocated. Nil pointer Food struct { } // Output // { 1 golang initialize nil pointer Tutorial Suraj Learn. Series to get complete understanding about Go programming language ) allows the slice to be protected against nil pointers,! Not at present have support for or by any other programming language also a that. Hence size will be of type int all other operations can be done, for consistency also ask being. Variable ) data via http/rpc etc on March 12, 2021 control-flow-statements.... Syntax: // an empty map map [ Key_Type ] Value_Type { } // is. To write it that is used to store the memory, it only zeros.. Data of slice, you can read about Part-5: control-flow-statements here take all the used... That, inside a type, like: bar = * foo care of it or struct have... The stored value between length and capacity of slices types can be using. An epoll management golang initialize nil pointer particular string or integer ; re just doing wrong. A & # x27 ; s address logic between the kernel and external devices and applications is roughly as.! One is to compare the two present have support for or by other... And thereby it points to will bind and listen to layer 7 via. Few cases a pointer and not assign a value that a variable is not set, use slice... Pointers makes it easy for us to mock objects is extracted from the most common cause for (! Use to retrieve the value with typed nil value and the second one is using reflection package us improve quality... Indicates the size of the result depends on the type now, and it is popular for its minimal and.
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